AI enables scholars to read Herculaneum scroll carbonised in AD79

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A team of three student researchers used high-resolution CT scans and machine learning to decode over 2,000 Greek letters inside a scroll carbonised during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD79. The achievement secured the $700,000 grand prize in the Vesuvius Challenge.

Key points

  1. Papyrus scrolls excavated from a Roman villa in Herculaneum were charred by the eruption of Vesuvius and crumble if opened physically.
  2. High-resolution CT scans were captured at Diamond, the UK's national synchrotron facility in Oxfordshire.
  3. Contestants Youssef Nader, Luke Farritor, and Julian Schilliger developed algorithms to virtually unwrap the CT layers and identify ink traces.
  4. Papyrologists believe the recovered text was authored by Philodemus, discussing Epicurean views on the sources of pleasure in music and food.
  5. Researchers intend to expand the technique to read hundreds of remaining scrolls and papyrus casings from Egyptian mummies.

Why it matters

The Herculaneum collection is the only intact library to survive from classical antiquity. Digital non-destructive unwrapping allows scholars to retrieve literary and philosophical works that were previously considered permanently lost to science.

Analysis

The Vesuvius Challenge highlights how open competition and private funding can accelerate academic imaging breakthroughs. By releasing baseline unwrapping and ink-detection tools to the public, the initiative attracted outside talent to solve complex volumetric reconstruction problems. The subsequent milestone involves scaling the process towards full automation and deploying portable CT scanners directly to archives.

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Summary generated by AI (Gemini 3.8 Flash, 27 September 2026). It may contain errors – the original source is authoritative.

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