What's Next After RLHF? Why Reliable Automation Demands a Different Objective

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Speaking at the AI Engineer World's Fair 2026, Diogo Almeida (formerly on GPT-4 and InstructGPT, now at TypeSafe AI) argues that RLHF successfully created the assistant era, but falls short for unattended automation. Because RLHF optimises for human preference, models lean towards sounding convincing rather than being reliably correct. Achieving dependable background automation requires shifting towards calibrated, verifiable decision-making.

Key points

  1. Almeida classifies both ChatGPT and Claude Code within the assistance era, where the core objective remains serving an involved human rather than running unattended.
  2. RLHF trains models to maximise human approval, creating an incentive structure where looking correct often diverges from actually being correct.
  3. Assistance requires satisfying interactive guidance, whereas genuine automation demands background execution without continuous human oversight.
  4. Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) targets verifiable task success rather than user pleasing, altering agentic behaviour.
  5. The next software evolution needs smarter internal operational primitives rather than just cheaper code generation or chatbots layered onto existing SaaS.

Why it matters

Teams often struggle when deploying conversational models into autonomous pipelines because the underlying models were optimised to please human evaluators rather than execute tasks flawlessly without supervision. Recognising this architectural mismatch helps engineers choose the right post-training mechanisms, such as RLVR, when building dependable agentic systems.

Analysis

Drawing on his experience building ChatGPT and InstructGPT, Almeida provides a grounded explanation for the paradox where AI solves complex math competitions yet remains untrustworthy for routine customer decisions. By distinguishing between assistance (where user satisfaction is part of the task) and automation (where silence and dependable execution are paramount), he highlights why RLHF-trained systems inherently resist unattended deployment without architectural redesign.

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Summary generated by AI (Gemini 3.8 Flash, 27 September 2026). It may contain errors – the original source is authoritative.

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