ToolSandbox: Stateful and Conversational Benchmark for LLM Tool Use

ArticleJiarui Lu, Thomas Holleis, Yizhe Zhang, Bernhard Aumayer, Feng Nan, Felix Bai, Shuang Ma, Shen Ma, Mengyu Li, Guoli Yin, Zirui Wang, Ruoming PangResearch

ToolSandbox is an evaluation benchmark that assesses LLM tool-use capabilities using stateful environments and multi-turn interactive dialogues.

Key points

  1. Existing benchmarks largely focus on stateless RESTful APIs, single-turn prompts, or fixed off-policy dialogue trajectories.
  2. ToolSandbox introduces stateful tool execution, implicit state dependencies across tools, and dynamic milestone tracking.
  3. A built-in user simulator facilitates on-policy interactive conversations across arbitrary execution trajectories.
  4. Evaluations reveal a notable performance discrepancy between open-source and proprietary models.
  5. Complex tasks involving State Dependency, Canonicalization, and Insufficient Information remain difficult even for leading SOTA models.

Why it matters

Practical AI agent workflows involve interacting with systems where prior operations alter future state. ToolSandbox provides an evaluation setup that mirrors these real-world state and communication dependencies far better than static benchmarks.

Analysis

The authors identify critical limitations in standard tool-use evaluations, such as the neglect of state transitions and interactive ambiguity. By demonstrating that current top-tier models struggle with implicit dependencies and missing context, the paper highlights clear targets for improving agentic reasoning and execution.

Summary generated by AI (Gemini 3.8 Flash, 27 September 2026). It may contain errors – the original source is authoritative.

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